Introduction
Cerebrovascular disease is a clinical syndrome characterized by sudden onset of focal or generalized loss of cerebral function, and lasting more than 24 hours or resulting in death, which is due to vascular causes. It takes the first place among morbidity causes and the second place among mortality causes. Mortality rate in cerebrovascular disease is about 20% (1). Atherosclerosis, the most important cause of ischemic stroke, is a chronic inflammatory process. For preventing or reversing this process, treatments of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary artery disease (CAD), smoking, and obesity have been included in the guidelines. The prevalence of stroke is 500-600/100,000 in Caucasian populations (1). Currently, there are many clinical studies aiming to decrease the frequency, mortality and morbidity of stroke by controlling these risk factors.
DM increases the risk of stroke by 2-6 times (2-5) and DM is responsible for 5% of all strokes (6). Therefore, blood glucose value (BGV) control is very important to protect the patient from stroke. Despite all these primary protection efforts, stroke incidence is 1-2/1,000 (1). Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) period is a different period from chronic vascular atherosclerotic inflammatory processes. Ischemic neuron deaths and liquefaction necrosis accompanied by an inflammatory process develop within minutes depending on the size and location of the occluded vessel in the brain tissue, which is very sensitive to ischemia. Metabolic stress caused by extensive clinical findings, ranging from mild hemiparesis to deep coma, suggests that we need to be more careful in controlling the primary risk factors during this period. There is conflicting information in literature regarding these effects of BGV control and DM history on the mortality and morbidity in acute-term ischemic stroke (7).
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship BGVs of first week with short-term mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Materials and Methods
This is a hospital-based retrospective study. Four hundred and seventeen patients with AIS were screened between 2010 and 2015. Patients admitted within the first 24 hours of stroke were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were given in the flow chart (Figure 1).
Study protocol
All patients were screened using the International Classification of diseases, 10th revision code “G46.0-2” from the database of the hospital’s electronic record system. Four hundred and seventeen patients met the criteria. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the patient were obtained from the archive records of the patient. Glasgow coma scores (GCS) and the modified Rankin scores (mRS) were recorded. BGVs on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days were determined from biochemistry records. GCS is between 3-15 points (15, normal: 3, worst), mRS is between 0-5 (0, normal: 5, worst). The hospital mortalities of the patients were obtained from the medical records. Patients, who were discharged from the hospital before 30 days, were determined from the outpatient clinic records or contacted by the telephone.
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 15.0;SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) and presented as mean (±) standard deviation or median (95% confidence interval). “Kolmogorov-Smirnov test” was used as normality test. “Student t-test” was used for parametric comparisons between the two groups, and “Mann-Whitney U test” for nonparametric comparisons. χ2 test was used for comparison of categorical data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to define areas the areas under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity, positive and negative predictive values. “Kaplan-Meier” survival analysis was performed according to ROC estimation of BGVs. Cox regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictive risk factors for mortality. For the mortality analysis, two models were used to observe whether or not the coma score (mRS) effects on the variables. Model 1 includes coma scale (mRS), glucose and risk factors such as hypertension, DM, CAD, triglyceride, while model 2 includes only glucose and risk factors (hypertension, DM, CAD, and triglyceride). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Four hundred and seventeen patients with a mean age of 67.39±13.0 were included in the study. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. The mortality rate during the 30-day follow-up was 21.58 (n=90). BGVs and HbA1c values are shown in Table 1 on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days of admission. Age, stroke history, hypertension, CAD were significantly higher in the mortality group. The mRS and the white cell count taken at admission, and the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day BGVs were significantly higher in the mortality group, whereas HbA1c, triglyceride and hemoglobin values were significantly lower. Although hemoglobin and HbA1c values were significantly lower in the mortality group, these two parameters were neglected in further analyzes because the values were very close to each other and were within normal range (Table 1). Since there was no significant difference between the mortality and survival groups in terms of DM history (χ2 =0.783, p: 0.224).45.3% (n=199) of all patients had hyperglycemia (>7 mmol) on the first day-blood glucose measurements [23.5% (n=103) with DM history and the remaining 21.8% (n=96) without DM history].
In ROC analysis of these 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day BGV’s, blood glucose predictive values for mortality were 130.5 (AUC: 0.612); 124.5 (AUC: 0.618); 133.5 (AUC-B1: 0.630); 132.5 mg/dL (AUC: 0.652), respectively (Figure 2). Kaplan-Meier survival curves according to the 1st and 5th day predictive values are presented in Figure 3. It was found that the 5th and 7th BGVs below the threshold value were more sensitive and specificity than the others in the predicting of mortality, and cox regression models were applied. In the Model-1 analysis including mRS in the Cox regression analysis, the 5th day BGVs was an independent predictor, but the others (the 1st, 3rd and 7th days) were not. In the Model-2 analysis without mRS, the high BGVs according to their predictive value at all times were independent predictors of mortality (Table 2, 3). In addition, CAD and low triglyceride value were independent predictors of mortality.
Discussion
The DM history in stroke patients is about 10-20%, and hyperglycemia has been reported in 5-32% of patients with no history of DM in post-stroke hyperglycemia (8-10), which is similar to our results. 45.3% of all patients had high blood glucose concentration (23.5% of them were previously diabetics and the remaining 21.8% nondiabetics) in our study.
The mechanism of the increased glucose concentration in AIS is not fully understood. The first hypothesis is glucose intolerance or undiagnosed DM, the second is due to neurological diseases, and the third is to respond to the increased stress (8,11). In addition, Rosso et al. (12) emphasized that hyperglycemia worsened the transformation of the penumbral area into the infarct.
The literature and our results pointed out that type-2-DM has no effect on the severity of ischemic stroke (8,11,13-15). Stead et al. (16) also reported that hyperglycemia leads to clinical deterioration in AIS, which is worse in non-diabetic patients than in diabetics. O’Neill et al. (11) reported that hyperglycemia is a predictor of poor prognosis as a result of multiple samples taken on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90. In the Second European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS-II), BGVs above 140 mg/dL in nondiabetic patients within 24 hours after stroke was reported to be an independent predictor of 90-day poor functional outcome (17).
Despite the above literature, some reports suggest that stress hyperglycemia is not effective on the functional outcome of AIS, and it is suggested that the related studies do not include clinical severity in the analysis (7,18,19). Szczudlik et al. (8) reported that one-year periodic follow-up of hyperglycemia was not an independent predictor of 1-year mortality.
Prognosis studies are mostly examined the single BGVs at admission. There are a few studies in the literature regarding to periodic glucose follow-up (8,11), but the predictive value of BGV in the AIS short-term mortality is not clear yet in literature. The reason of speculative results may be that the acute stroke period, especially first a week, has not been examined in detail. Neurological problems are at the forefront among the causes of mortality in the first week. The most important mortality reason in this period is the increased intracranial pressure caused by severe brain edema. The maximum brain edema period is the first 3-5 days, and then clinic outcome gradually improves, because intracranial pressure gradually decreases. Therefore, the first week blood glucose monitoring was performed in patients with AIS in the study, and it was suggested that the 5th and day 7th day values might be more valuable for mortality. In particular, the 5th day BGV (133.5 mg/dL) was found to be an independent predictor of mortality, which may be due to the period in which brain edema gradually decreases or co-incidence. The other 1st ,3rd ,7th day BGV’es were dependent to coma score (mRS) (Table 2,3). Kılıc et al. (20) also examined temporal hyperglycemia on the prognosis of AIS in Anatolian region, but they examined the single BGV at admission on the AIS outcome, and their study hasn’t got multivariate analysis. They suggested that hyperglycemia had a negative effect on AIS.
The European stroke organization guideline stressed the need to adjust blood glucose concentrations above 10 mmol (180 mg/dL) by titrating with insulin (21). The American stroke association guideline emphasized the necessity of insulin treatment when it exceeded 140-185 mg/dL (American Society of Anesthesiologists). The Shine study suggested the need for a target blood glucose concentration of 80-130 mg/dL (22). For blood glucose upper limit, Capes et al. (18) declared 126 mg/dL in their meta-analysis, and Ntaios et al. (23) reported an upper limit of 7.3 mmol (131.4 mg/dL), which are consistent with our results. In our study, a threshold value of blood glucose is about 130 mg/dL for mortality in acute ischemic stroke patients.
Study Limitations
Metabolic stress markers such as catecholamine and steroid values, the effect of insulin, body mass indexes are not recorded. The study had to exclude so many patients (about 40% of the cases) due to not enough information. A single-center study is also among the limitations of our study.
Conclusion
This is the short-term outcome study with a first-week-blood glucose monitoring in the acute ischemic stroke. Hyperglycemia without DM history during this period might be related to metabolic stress. Presented results show that patients die has higher glucose levels, but only on the 5th day the level of glucose is an explanatory factor. mRS, is as expected, has during all the period demonstrate higher predictive value. The 5th-day- BGVs may be an independent predictor for short-term ischemic stroke mortality, which coincides with the period when brain edema begins to decrease.
Ethics
Ethics Committee Approval: This study was approved by Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Ethics Committee (decision no: 2019/1942, date: 21.06.2019).
Informed Consent: Retrospective study.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
Authorship Contributions
Surgical and Medical Practices: O.S.T., F.K., A.B., Concept: O.S.T., F.K., Design: O.S.T., F.K., Data Collection or Processing: O.S.T., A.B., Analysis or Interpretation: O.S.T., F.K., Literature Search: O.S.T., F.K., A.B., Writing: O.S.T., F.K.
Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study received no financial support.